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Activism and internet rumors
An elaborate hoax disseminated through the internet attributes deleterious medical effects to aspartame. This conspiracy theory claims that the FDA approval process of aspartame was tainted[4][5][23] and cites as its source an email based upon a supposed talk by a "Nancy Markle" at a "World Environmental Conference."[4][5][24] Specifically, the hoax websites allege that aspartame is responsible for multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus, and methanol toxicity, causing "blindness, spasms, shooting pains, seizures, headaches, depression, anxiety, memory loss, birth defects" and death.[7]
The dissemination of the Nancy Markle letter was considered so notable that the Media Awareness Network featured one version of it in a tutorial on how to determine the credibility of a web page. The tutorial implied that the Markle letter was not credible and stated that it should not be used as an authoritative source of information.[7] Betty Martini, who posted similar messages to Usenet newsgroups in late 1995 and early 1996,[5] claims that an unknown person combined her original letter with other information and redistributed it as Nancy Markle.[25] [26] She believes that there is a conspiracy between the FDA and the producers of aspartame. This conspiracy theory has become a canonical example discussed on several internet conspiracy theory and urban legend websites.[5][27][28] Although most of the allegations of this theory contradict the bulk of medical evidence,[4] this misinformation has spread around the world as chain emails since mid-December 1998,[5] influencing many websites[27] as an urban legend that continues to scare consumers.[4]